Stem Cell Therapy for Alzheimer's & Dementia in Thailand

Accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques between neurons disrupts cell-to-cell communication and triggers inflammatory responses. These plaques are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and begin forming years before symptoms become apparent.

Neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein develop inside neurons, destabilising the cell's internal transport system, leading to cell dysfunction and eventual death.

Chronic neuroinflammation driven by activated microglia and astrocytes creates a toxic brain environment that accelerates neuronal damage and contributes to disease progression.

Genetic factors play a significant role. The APOE-e4 gene variant is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's. Early-onset familial Alzheimer's is linked to mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes.

Cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, and obesity in midlife are associated with increased dementia risk. What is harmful to the heart appears to be harmful to the brain.

Reduced cerebral blood flow and vascular dysfunction contribute to neuronal damage and may accelerate amyloid accumulation. Many patients have mixed pathology combining Alzheimer's and vascular contributions to cognitive decline.

Progressive memory loss, particularly for recent events and conversations. You may notice repeating questions, forgetting appointments, or misplacing items in unusual places. Older memories are typically preserved longer.

Difficulty with planning, problem-solving, and completing familiar tasks such as managing finances, following recipes, or navigating previously known routes.

Language difficulties including trouble finding the right words, following conversations, or understanding written material. Some patients withdraw from conversations to avoid embarrassment.

Visuospatial difficulties including problems judging distances, recognising faces, or distinguishing colours and contrast, which can affect driving safety and fall risk.

Changes in mood and personality, including increased anxiety, depression, apathy, social withdrawal, and sometimes agitation or irritability. These changes are distressing for both patients and their families.

Confusion about time and place, particularly in later stages. Patients may become disoriented in familiar environments or lose track of dates, seasons, and the passage of time.

Declining judgement and decision-making ability, which may manifest as poor financial decisions, neglecting personal hygiene, or difficulty recognising dangerous situations.